Šajā dokumentā apkopoti pētījumu un izmēģinājumu rezultāti, audzējot dabiskās un selekcionētās kārklu varietātes, tajā skaitā ekonomiskā efekta novērtējums, kombinējot tradicionālās lauksaimniecības nozares ar enerģētiskās koksnes plantācijām.
http://www.dti.gov.uk/files/file20821.pdf
2006-11-05
2006-11-03
Results of Estonian LIFE project - willow for wastewater purification
Short rotation willow plantation for wastewater purification: case study at Aarike, Estonia
V. Kuusemets, K. Heinsoo, E. Sild & A. Koppel
University of Tartu, Institute of Botany and Zoology
A small pilot willow plantation was established to study the possibilities of usage of willows for biomass production and wastewater purification. The wastewater from a dwelling house (25 p.e.) is treated on an 180 m surface - subsurface flow constructed wetland.
The wastewater is flowing in serpentine ditches through three basins on which beds with filter media are planted with willows (Salix viminalis and Salix dasydados).
The system showed high wood productivity and also high wastewater purification efficiency.
The average annual plant wood dry matter production for the second rotation period was 1,16 kg, which exceeded the productivity in the fertilized lantations in the same region (0,71 kg). During the study period (1995-2000) average purification efficiency of BOD7, total N and total P was 75, 32 and 14%, respectively.
V. Kuusemets, K. Heinsoo, E. Sild & A. Koppel
University of Tartu, Institute of Botany and Zoology
A small pilot willow plantation was established to study the possibilities of usage of willows for biomass production and wastewater purification. The wastewater from a dwelling house (25 p.e.) is treated on an 180 m surface - subsurface flow constructed wetland.
The wastewater is flowing in serpentine ditches through three basins on which beds with filter media are planted with willows (Salix viminalis and Salix dasydados).
The system showed high wood productivity and also high wastewater purification efficiency.
The average annual plant wood dry matter production for the second rotation period was 1,16 kg, which exceeded the productivity in the fertilized lantations in the same region (0,71 kg). During the study period (1995-2000) average purification efficiency of BOD7, total N and total P was 75, 32 and 14%, respectively.
Future of energy in the willows - New Era of bioenergy has begun
"The one common denominator among renewable fuel technologies is biomass," Robert Lane, Chairman and CEO of Deere and Company said
"In reality, the cellulose in biomass has the potential to create a great deal more energy than corn," U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Mike Johanns said.
"Wind is where people ain't," Pat Wood said.
By Doug Rich
Ethanol is leading the way as this country enters a new era of bioenergy, but ethanol is not the silver bullet that will solve all of our energy problems. It will take a portfolio of energy resources to help us kick our addiction to oil.
At the "Advancing Renewable Energy" conference in St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 11 and 12 all types of energy from ethanol to wind were mentioned. Here is what a few of the speakers had to say about the current condition of these renewable energy sources and what their future might be in this country.
Ethanol: Today there are 100 plants producing close to five billions gallons each year. There are 44 plants under construction that could add another three billion gallons of ethanol to that total.
There was no bigger ethanol cheerleader at the conference than Vinod Khosla, found of Khosla Ventures, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, and former partner of Kleiner Perkins Kaufield and Byers. Forbes and Fortune magazines labeled Khosla as the nation's most influential ethanol advocate.
"The reason to support ethanol in public policy debates for me is the feeling that I can really make a visible difference and it will lead to more than a marginal change," Khosla said. "But the real answer is my belief that it (ethanol) has the lowest risk strategy to impact peak oil, greenhouse emission, energy security, rural employment, and reducing worldwide poverty and terrorism."
"The truth is that corn ethanol is a crucial first step toward developing a clean, economical domestic energy portfolio capable of making petroleum obsolete," Khosla said. "I believe we can replace most of our gasoline needs in 25 years with biomass from our farmlands and municipal waste while creating a huge economic boom cycle and a cheaper cleaner fuel for consumers."
Cellulosic Ethanol: Currently nearly all of the ethanol in this country is made from corn or grain sorghum. The real potential for replacing gasoline from oil in this country is cellulosic ethanol from biomass.
"In reality, the cellulose in biomass has the potential to create a great deal more energy than corn," U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Mike Johanns said. "With each passing day we come closer to a cost-effective technique for releasing that energy on a broader scale."
The challenge is to find a costs-effective way of breaking down the tough cell walls of biomass material so that it can be converted to energy. U.S Secretary of Energy Samuel Bodman said the most promising way of doing this is through microbes.
"The trick is to find the right microbe to interact with the right biomass source," Bodman said. "We need to match the bug to the plant by re-engineering both. Our goal is to make cellulosic ethanol cost-competitive by 2012."
A 2005 USDA/DOE study reported that by 2030 more than 800 million tons per year of biomass could be produced from crop residue and perennial corps in the U.S. another 120 million ton could come from forest residues on an annual basis.
Robert Lane, Chairman and CEO of Deere and Company, said the challenge is how to produce, collect, transport, and process this huge volume of energy feedstocks.
"The one common denominator among renewable fuel technologies is biomass," Lane said. "It is the essential ingredient, regardless of the product or conversion technology."
Critical to the development of cellulosic ethanol is the adoption of E85 across the nation. At this time there are 900 E85 stations across the country.
Biodiesel: Today there are 86 biodiesel plants in operation and another 78 plants are under construction or expansion.
"This will increase our production capacity to more than one billion gallons of biodiesel per year," Johanns said.
The Biodiesel Board said the production of biodiesel grew from 500,00 gallons in 1999 to 75 million gallons in 2005 and is expected to double to 150 million gallons this year.
"Biodiesel, renewable diesel, and blends with conventional diesel will likely grow as companies look for flexibility in complying with Energy Policy Act requirements and with Ultra-Low Sulfur-diesel regulations," Red Cavaney, CEO and President of API said. "Biodiesel has an attractive future and that potential will be best realized through a market-driven approach."
Wind: In his remarks President Bush joked about putting a couple of windmills in Washington, D.C., which he described as a pretty windy place. But the potential for wind energy in this country is very real.
The President's FY2007 budget proposes $44 million in funding for wind energy research. Nearly six percent of the continental U.S. has been identified as highly suitable for construction of wind turbines. According to the President's Advanced Energy Initiative this area has the potential to supply up to 20 percent of the Nation's electricity.
"We need more resilience in our grid system to take stranded wind energy to the rests of the country," R. James Woolly, formed CIA Director, said.
Pat Wood III, immediate past chairman of the Federal energy Regulatory Commission and now a principal in Wood3 Resources, noted that Texas is the number one wind state in the country now, ahead of California. Wood, who worked under then Governor Bush in Texas, envision a corridor that extends from Texas to the Dakotas that would be dedicated to wind energy production. This corridor would send electrical east and west.
"We need a bigger and more expansive power grid," Wood said. "It must have regional energy balancing markets to spill into or buy from."
Wind turbines can be built and installed faster than transmission lines can be constructed. The need now is for new transmission lines to carry wind generated electricity to populated areas of the country. As Wood said, "Wind is where people ain't."
Hydrogen Fuel Cells: Not everyone at this convention was sold on the potential of hydrogen fuel cells.
"Hydrogen is an interesting, clean fuel but as a program to bring about improvements in energy resilience it should move back on the lists of priorities," R. James Woolsey said.
"We don't need hydrogen," Vinod Khosla said.
Red Cavaney, CEO of the American Petroleum Institute, said they have formed a research alliance with Georgia Tech and the University of "California at Davis to pursue technology aimed at making Hydrogen-viable transportation fuels.
President Bush said one of the ways to make sure we become less dependent on oil is through hydrogen. "We're spending $1.2 billion to encourage hydrogen fuel cells," President Bush said.
"Our challenge is to increase the production and use of alternative energy across the nation, to maximize its potential so that renewable fuels are an economically viable and sustainable alternative to traditional energy sources," Johanns said.
10/18/2006
"In reality, the cellulose in biomass has the potential to create a great deal more energy than corn," U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Mike Johanns said.
"Wind is where people ain't," Pat Wood said.
By Doug Rich
Ethanol is leading the way as this country enters a new era of bioenergy, but ethanol is not the silver bullet that will solve all of our energy problems. It will take a portfolio of energy resources to help us kick our addiction to oil.
At the "Advancing Renewable Energy" conference in St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 11 and 12 all types of energy from ethanol to wind were mentioned. Here is what a few of the speakers had to say about the current condition of these renewable energy sources and what their future might be in this country.
Ethanol: Today there are 100 plants producing close to five billions gallons each year. There are 44 plants under construction that could add another three billion gallons of ethanol to that total.
There was no bigger ethanol cheerleader at the conference than Vinod Khosla, found of Khosla Ventures, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, and former partner of Kleiner Perkins Kaufield and Byers. Forbes and Fortune magazines labeled Khosla as the nation's most influential ethanol advocate.
"The reason to support ethanol in public policy debates for me is the feeling that I can really make a visible difference and it will lead to more than a marginal change," Khosla said. "But the real answer is my belief that it (ethanol) has the lowest risk strategy to impact peak oil, greenhouse emission, energy security, rural employment, and reducing worldwide poverty and terrorism."
"The truth is that corn ethanol is a crucial first step toward developing a clean, economical domestic energy portfolio capable of making petroleum obsolete," Khosla said. "I believe we can replace most of our gasoline needs in 25 years with biomass from our farmlands and municipal waste while creating a huge economic boom cycle and a cheaper cleaner fuel for consumers."
Cellulosic Ethanol: Currently nearly all of the ethanol in this country is made from corn or grain sorghum. The real potential for replacing gasoline from oil in this country is cellulosic ethanol from biomass.
"In reality, the cellulose in biomass has the potential to create a great deal more energy than corn," U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Mike Johanns said. "With each passing day we come closer to a cost-effective technique for releasing that energy on a broader scale."
The challenge is to find a costs-effective way of breaking down the tough cell walls of biomass material so that it can be converted to energy. U.S Secretary of Energy Samuel Bodman said the most promising way of doing this is through microbes.
"The trick is to find the right microbe to interact with the right biomass source," Bodman said. "We need to match the bug to the plant by re-engineering both. Our goal is to make cellulosic ethanol cost-competitive by 2012."
A 2005 USDA/DOE study reported that by 2030 more than 800 million tons per year of biomass could be produced from crop residue and perennial corps in the U.S. another 120 million ton could come from forest residues on an annual basis.
Robert Lane, Chairman and CEO of Deere and Company, said the challenge is how to produce, collect, transport, and process this huge volume of energy feedstocks.
"The one common denominator among renewable fuel technologies is biomass," Lane said. "It is the essential ingredient, regardless of the product or conversion technology."
Critical to the development of cellulosic ethanol is the adoption of E85 across the nation. At this time there are 900 E85 stations across the country.
Biodiesel: Today there are 86 biodiesel plants in operation and another 78 plants are under construction or expansion.
"This will increase our production capacity to more than one billion gallons of biodiesel per year," Johanns said.
The Biodiesel Board said the production of biodiesel grew from 500,00 gallons in 1999 to 75 million gallons in 2005 and is expected to double to 150 million gallons this year.
"Biodiesel, renewable diesel, and blends with conventional diesel will likely grow as companies look for flexibility in complying with Energy Policy Act requirements and with Ultra-Low Sulfur-diesel regulations," Red Cavaney, CEO and President of API said. "Biodiesel has an attractive future and that potential will be best realized through a market-driven approach."
Wind: In his remarks President Bush joked about putting a couple of windmills in Washington, D.C., which he described as a pretty windy place. But the potential for wind energy in this country is very real.
The President's FY2007 budget proposes $44 million in funding for wind energy research. Nearly six percent of the continental U.S. has been identified as highly suitable for construction of wind turbines. According to the President's Advanced Energy Initiative this area has the potential to supply up to 20 percent of the Nation's electricity.
"We need more resilience in our grid system to take stranded wind energy to the rests of the country," R. James Woolly, formed CIA Director, said.
Pat Wood III, immediate past chairman of the Federal energy Regulatory Commission and now a principal in Wood3 Resources, noted that Texas is the number one wind state in the country now, ahead of California. Wood, who worked under then Governor Bush in Texas, envision a corridor that extends from Texas to the Dakotas that would be dedicated to wind energy production. This corridor would send electrical east and west.
"We need a bigger and more expansive power grid," Wood said. "It must have regional energy balancing markets to spill into or buy from."
Wind turbines can be built and installed faster than transmission lines can be constructed. The need now is for new transmission lines to carry wind generated electricity to populated areas of the country. As Wood said, "Wind is where people ain't."
Hydrogen Fuel Cells: Not everyone at this convention was sold on the potential of hydrogen fuel cells.
"Hydrogen is an interesting, clean fuel but as a program to bring about improvements in energy resilience it should move back on the lists of priorities," R. James Woolsey said.
"We don't need hydrogen," Vinod Khosla said.
Red Cavaney, CEO of the American Petroleum Institute, said they have formed a research alliance with Georgia Tech and the University of "California at Davis to pursue technology aimed at making Hydrogen-viable transportation fuels.
President Bush said one of the ways to make sure we become less dependent on oil is through hydrogen. "We're spending $1.2 billion to encourage hydrogen fuel cells," President Bush said.
"Our challenge is to increase the production and use of alternative energy across the nation, to maximize its potential so that renewable fuels are an economically viable and sustainable alternative to traditional energy sources," Johanns said.
10/18/2006
Future of energy in the willows, Sally Williams, Western Mail
Oct 17 2006
WALES has a target for producing 10% of its energy from renewable sources by 2010.
This will come from a combination of renewable energy sources; one of these will be biomass.
This includes the use of waste wood, forest products and also energy crops like short rotation coppice willow.
In 2004 and 2005, the Willow for Wales project oversaw the planting of SRC willow on seven commercial farms across Wales.
These farms are being used to demonstrate the potential of biomass in Wales and to let farmers see how willow crops can fit into livestock farming systems and provide an additional source of farm income.
The project is run by a consortium of partner organisations which represent all aspects of the biomass chain - from growers and processors to energy users.
Two of these demonstration farms are in Denbighshire on upland beef/sheep farms.
One crop planted at Cilgoed, Derwen, is on a heavy soil in a fairly sheltered valley at 1,000ft above sea level, the second is at Cernyfed, Cyffilliog, on an exposed, sloping site at over 1,300ft.
These farms were chosen to investigate how the crop would perform in fairly extreme conditions.
An open day will be run by Chris Duller from the Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research at Cyffilliog on October 25.
For details contact Chris Duller on 01970 823157
http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/farming/farming/tm_headline=future-of-energy--in-the-willows-&method=full&objectid=17942436&siteid=50082-name_page.html
WALES has a target for producing 10% of its energy from renewable sources by 2010.
This will come from a combination of renewable energy sources; one of these will be biomass.
This includes the use of waste wood, forest products and also energy crops like short rotation coppice willow.
In 2004 and 2005, the Willow for Wales project oversaw the planting of SRC willow on seven commercial farms across Wales.
These farms are being used to demonstrate the potential of biomass in Wales and to let farmers see how willow crops can fit into livestock farming systems and provide an additional source of farm income.
The project is run by a consortium of partner organisations which represent all aspects of the biomass chain - from growers and processors to energy users.
Two of these demonstration farms are in Denbighshire on upland beef/sheep farms.
One crop planted at Cilgoed, Derwen, is on a heavy soil in a fairly sheltered valley at 1,000ft above sea level, the second is at Cernyfed, Cyffilliog, on an exposed, sloping site at over 1,300ft.
These farms were chosen to investigate how the crop would perform in fairly extreme conditions.
An open day will be run by Chris Duller from the Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research at Cyffilliog on October 25.
For details contact Chris Duller on 01970 823157
http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/farming/farming/tm_headline=future-of-energy--in-the-willows-&method=full&objectid=17942436&siteid=50082-name_page.html
Ražotājiem katastrofāli trūkst koksnes resursu - LETA 13.10.2006
Centrālās statistikas pārvaldes dati liecina, ka šā gada augustā, salīdzinot ar jūliju, ražotāju cenu kopējo līmeni visvairāk (par 0,4 procentpunktiem) paaugstināja cenu kāpums koksnes un koka izstrādājumu (izņemot mēbeļu) ražošanā, galvenokārt zāģēšanā, ēvelēšanā un impregnēšanā. Savukārt gada laikā produkcijas sadārdzināšanās koksnes un koka izstrādājumu ražošanā kopējo cenu līmeni paaugstināja par 1,6 procentpunktiem, kas ir otrs augstākais rādītājs aiz elektroenerģijas, gāzes, tvaika un karstā ūdens tarifu pieauguma radītā iespaida uz kopējo ražotāju cenu pieaugumu.
Statistikas dati liecina, ka ražotāju cenas koksnes un koka izstrādājumu ražošanā pieaug gandrīz katru mēnesi, ja salīdzina attiecībā pret tā paša gada iepriekšējo mēnesi, kas nozīmē, ka gada laikā ražotāju cenas pieaug par ievērojamiem apjomiem. Piemēram, šā gada laikā ražotāju cenas attiecībā pret iepriekšējo mēnesi samazinājušās tikai divos mēnešos – februārī un martā, attiecīgi par 1% un 0,4%. Pārējos gada mēnešos attiecībā pret iepriekšējo mēnesi ražotāju cenas pieaugušas. Lielākais pieaugums fiksēts tieši jūlijā un augustā – par 1,9%. Ņemot vērā tādu stabilu un tendenciozu ražotāju cenu pieaugumu, gada laikā ražotāju cenas koksnes un koka izstrādājumu ražošanā palielinājušās par 8%. Kā skaidroja asociācijas "Latvijas mēbeles" priekšsēdētājs Aivars Einauss, ražotāju cenu pieaugumam ir trīs galvenie skaidrojumi. Kā pirmo viņš min augsto inflāciju, kas strauji palielinājās pēc Latvijas iestāšanās Eiropas Savienībā (ES). Kā otro viņš min energoresursu (elektroenerģijas, gāzes) cenu pieaugumu, bet kā trešo - darbaspēka algu līmeņa celšanu. Arī asociācijas "Latvijas Koks" valdes priekšsēdētājs izpilddirektors Andris Plezers piekrīt Aivaram Einausam, piebilstot, ka šobrīd kokapstrādātājiem katastrofāli trūkstot kokmateriālu. Zāģētavām draud sankcijas par noslēgto līgumu nepildīšanu, savukārt zāģmateriālu trūkuma rezultātā vairāki mēbeļu ražotāji spiesti izejmateriālus iepirkt pat no Zviedrijas, bet citi spiesti atbrīvot cilvēkus no darba un pārtraukt savu darbību. Zāģmateriālu trūkums skaidrojams ar apaļkoksnes deficītu valstī, taču, kādēļ tāds izveidojies, šobrīd nav īsti saprotams, tādēļ arī ir neiespējami prognozēt, kad situācija varētu mainīties uz labo pusi, stāsta Andris Plezers. Iespējams, apaļkoku deficīts skaidrojams ar samazinātajiem ciršanas apjomiem, jo vasarā mežos bija izsludināts ugunsnedrošais periods ar saimnieciskās darbības ierobežojumiem mežos. Savukārt neprognozējama ir resursu ieguve no privātā meža īpašniekiem. Arī uz Krieviju nevar paļauties, un ar šīs valsts koksnes resursiem kokapstrādātāji rēķinās tikai kā ar rezerves variantu. Glābiņš varētu būt a/s "Latvijas valsts meži" (LVM), kas kā valsts resursu apsaimniekotājs varētu situāciju "mīkstināt". Andris Plezers gan norādīja, ka Zemkopības ministrija kā LVM akciju turētāja uzlikusi par pienākumu uzņēmumam strādāt ar peļņu, kas nozīmē, ka kaut kāda veida valsts dotācijas kokapstrādātājiem apaļo kokmateriālu veidā ir maz ticamas. Situācijas risināšanas nolūkos tuvākajā laikā plānota kokapstrādātāju un LVM pārstāvju tikšanās. Kaut arī sarunas dos kādu pozitīvu risinājumu, ir skaidrs, ka ražotāju cenas koksnes un koka izstrādājumu (arī mēbeļu) ražošanā turpmāk tikai palielināsies.
Statistikas dati liecina, ka ražotāju cenas koksnes un koka izstrādājumu ražošanā pieaug gandrīz katru mēnesi, ja salīdzina attiecībā pret tā paša gada iepriekšējo mēnesi, kas nozīmē, ka gada laikā ražotāju cenas pieaug par ievērojamiem apjomiem. Piemēram, šā gada laikā ražotāju cenas attiecībā pret iepriekšējo mēnesi samazinājušās tikai divos mēnešos – februārī un martā, attiecīgi par 1% un 0,4%. Pārējos gada mēnešos attiecībā pret iepriekšējo mēnesi ražotāju cenas pieaugušas. Lielākais pieaugums fiksēts tieši jūlijā un augustā – par 1,9%. Ņemot vērā tādu stabilu un tendenciozu ražotāju cenu pieaugumu, gada laikā ražotāju cenas koksnes un koka izstrādājumu ražošanā palielinājušās par 8%. Kā skaidroja asociācijas "Latvijas mēbeles" priekšsēdētājs Aivars Einauss, ražotāju cenu pieaugumam ir trīs galvenie skaidrojumi. Kā pirmo viņš min augsto inflāciju, kas strauji palielinājās pēc Latvijas iestāšanās Eiropas Savienībā (ES). Kā otro viņš min energoresursu (elektroenerģijas, gāzes) cenu pieaugumu, bet kā trešo - darbaspēka algu līmeņa celšanu. Arī asociācijas "Latvijas Koks" valdes priekšsēdētājs izpilddirektors Andris Plezers piekrīt Aivaram Einausam, piebilstot, ka šobrīd kokapstrādātājiem katastrofāli trūkstot kokmateriālu. Zāģētavām draud sankcijas par noslēgto līgumu nepildīšanu, savukārt zāģmateriālu trūkuma rezultātā vairāki mēbeļu ražotāji spiesti izejmateriālus iepirkt pat no Zviedrijas, bet citi spiesti atbrīvot cilvēkus no darba un pārtraukt savu darbību. Zāģmateriālu trūkums skaidrojams ar apaļkoksnes deficītu valstī, taču, kādēļ tāds izveidojies, šobrīd nav īsti saprotams, tādēļ arī ir neiespējami prognozēt, kad situācija varētu mainīties uz labo pusi, stāsta Andris Plezers. Iespējams, apaļkoku deficīts skaidrojams ar samazinātajiem ciršanas apjomiem, jo vasarā mežos bija izsludināts ugunsnedrošais periods ar saimnieciskās darbības ierobežojumiem mežos. Savukārt neprognozējama ir resursu ieguve no privātā meža īpašniekiem. Arī uz Krieviju nevar paļauties, un ar šīs valsts koksnes resursiem kokapstrādātāji rēķinās tikai kā ar rezerves variantu. Glābiņš varētu būt a/s "Latvijas valsts meži" (LVM), kas kā valsts resursu apsaimniekotājs varētu situāciju "mīkstināt". Andris Plezers gan norādīja, ka Zemkopības ministrija kā LVM akciju turētāja uzlikusi par pienākumu uzņēmumam strādāt ar peļņu, kas nozīmē, ka kaut kāda veida valsts dotācijas kokapstrādātājiem apaļo kokmateriālu veidā ir maz ticamas. Situācijas risināšanas nolūkos tuvākajā laikā plānota kokapstrādātāju un LVM pārstāvju tikšanās. Kaut arī sarunas dos kādu pozitīvu risinājumu, ir skaidrs, ka ražotāju cenas koksnes un koka izstrādājumu (arī mēbeļu) ražošanā turpmāk tikai palielināsies.
Pievēršot uzmanību celulozes, papīra un papīra izstrādājumu ražotāju cenu izmaiņām laika griezumā, jāsecina, ka tās ir ārkārtīgi "lēkājošas". Tās gan palielinās, gan samazinās attiecībā pret iepriekšējā gada attiecīgo mēnesi, kā arī tā paša gada iepriekšējo mēnesi. Piemēram, šā gada martā ražotāju cenas celulozes, papīra un papīra izstrādājumiem attiecībā pret iepriekšējā gada attiecīgo mēnesi palielinājās par 8%, bet jau augustā ražotāju cenas attiecīgajiem izstrādājumiem samazinājušās par 2,6%. Zinot to, ka celulozi Latvijā neražo, papīru ražo pavisam nelielos apmēros, šīs kategorijas ražotāju cenas izmaiņas nosaka situācija papīra izstrādājumu ražošanā (iepakojumi, etiķetes, aplikācijas, u.c.). Tas savukārt nozīmē, ka to izgatavošanai nepieciešamais papīrs tiek importēts, galvenokārt no Krievijas un Somijas. Tādējādi papīra izstrādājumu ražotāju cenas atkarīgas no tirgus situācijas svārstībām šajās valstīs. Tāpat arī šo izstrādājumu cenas var mainīties atkarībā no konkrētajiem pasūtījumiem, kā rezultātā arī iespējamas krasas svārstības. Jāņem vērā arī tas, ka papīra izstrādājumu ražošanas nozare Latvijā ir neliela, un tieši šādos gadījumos, analizējot statistikas rādītājus, ievērojamas svārstības ir bieži sastopama parādība.
Grozījumi Ministru kabineta 2001.gada 11.septembra noteikumos Nr.398 "Meža atjaunošanas noteikumi"
Ministru kabineta noteikumi Nr.867Rīgā 2006.gada 24.oktobrī (prot. Nr.55 21.§)
Ministru Kabineta noteikumos izdarīti šādi grozījumi:
- Papildināta I nodaļa ar 1.1 punktu šādā redakcijā "1.1 Ja īpaši aizsargājamās dabas teritorijas aizsardzību un izmantošanu regulējošie normatīvie akti nosaka atšķirīgas prasības meža atjaunošanai, spēkā ir prasības, ko nosaka attiecīgie īpaši aizsargājamās dabas teritorijas aizsardzību un izmantošanu regulējošie normatīvie akti.";
- 2.1. un 2.2.apakšpunktā svītroti vārdi "(ieskaitot ciršanas gadu)";
- 3.6.apakšpunktā skaitlis "12" aizstāts ar skaitli "20";
- 8.2.apakšpunktā svītroti vārdi "lapu koku";
- 10.punkta ievaddaļā un 10.1.apakšpunktā vārds "oktobrim" aizstāts ar vārdu "novembrim".
Apstiprināti Noteikumi par koku ciršanu meža zemēs
31. oktobrī apstiprināti jauni Ministru Kabineta Noteikumi par koku ciršanu meža zemēs Nr.892,
Rīgā 2006.gada 31.oktobrī (prot. Nr.56 34.§), kas aizstāj Ministru Kabineta noteikumus Nr.152 Noteikumi par koku ciršanu meža zemēs (09.04.2002.).
Rīgā 2006.gada 31.oktobrī (prot. Nr.56 34.§), kas aizstāj Ministru Kabineta noteikumus Nr.152 Noteikumi par koku ciršanu meža zemēs (09.04.2002.).
Energy crops cash in on new opportunities
Energy crops can now bring farmers and landowners returns on a par with winter wheat, according to rural property agents Fisher German. New developments offer significant new opportunities for supplying the renewables market, but careful on-farm planning is needed to maximise profitability.
The potential for energy crops contracts is now looking more favourable following a change to planning guidelines, reports Josh Pollock, who heads up Fisher German’s renewables team.
“Under new planning rules, all new developments, especially commercial sites, should include 10 per cent of renewable energy sourcing in their design. Substantial developments in urban fringe or rural areas may require contracted areas of energy crops close to the development to satisfy planning and design conditions.”
In these areas it is likely farmers and landowners will be approached and offered contracts to meet these commitments. “But growing energy crops is a long-term undertaking and it is important to ensure that any contract offered reflects this,” notes Mr Pollock.
Seeking professional advice before starting an energy crops venture can also help maximise returns, adds Fisher German farms and estates consultant Richard Sanders. “Energy crops can return more per acre than winter wheat, even at these current high wheat prices. But it really does depend on your individual set-up and the opportunities in your area.”
Mr Sanders has analysed the potential returns from growing miscanthus and short rotation coppice in a number of different situations.
“At the current price of £40 per tonne, the comparative margins suggest that these energy crops may not be competitive with conventional combinable crops on the best-yielding land. But landowners may find there are opportunities to achieve higher returns than from a typical contract farming agreement on less productive areas of the farm. This is due to the low growing costs and high yields of energy crops on poorer land.”
Returns really start to look interesting at an energy crop price of £55 per tonne – this is the price Fisher German believes farmers supplying new local building developments could achieve. “It’s important that farmers in these situations seek professional advice so that they can maximise returns from any contracts on offer,” notes Mr Sanders.
The renewable energy market is also having a knock-on effect on wheat prices, he adds. “Contracts for wheat for energy crop use are already available at £93 for 2012/13. The contract price for alternative energy crops will have to compete with this trend.”
With specialists in planning, farming and estates and renewable energy, Fisher German is uniquely placed to ensure landowners capitalise on energy crop opportunities.
(http://www.farminguk.com/bsp/10130/ews.asp?DBID=103-281-013-080&iPage=1&id=4966)
The potential for energy crops contracts is now looking more favourable following a change to planning guidelines, reports Josh Pollock, who heads up Fisher German’s renewables team.
“Under new planning rules, all new developments, especially commercial sites, should include 10 per cent of renewable energy sourcing in their design. Substantial developments in urban fringe or rural areas may require contracted areas of energy crops close to the development to satisfy planning and design conditions.”
In these areas it is likely farmers and landowners will be approached and offered contracts to meet these commitments. “But growing energy crops is a long-term undertaking and it is important to ensure that any contract offered reflects this,” notes Mr Pollock.
Seeking professional advice before starting an energy crops venture can also help maximise returns, adds Fisher German farms and estates consultant Richard Sanders. “Energy crops can return more per acre than winter wheat, even at these current high wheat prices. But it really does depend on your individual set-up and the opportunities in your area.”
Mr Sanders has analysed the potential returns from growing miscanthus and short rotation coppice in a number of different situations.
“At the current price of £40 per tonne, the comparative margins suggest that these energy crops may not be competitive with conventional combinable crops on the best-yielding land. But landowners may find there are opportunities to achieve higher returns than from a typical contract farming agreement on less productive areas of the farm. This is due to the low growing costs and high yields of energy crops on poorer land.”
Returns really start to look interesting at an energy crop price of £55 per tonne – this is the price Fisher German believes farmers supplying new local building developments could achieve. “It’s important that farmers in these situations seek professional advice so that they can maximise returns from any contracts on offer,” notes Mr Sanders.
The renewable energy market is also having a knock-on effect on wheat prices, he adds. “Contracts for wheat for energy crop use are already available at £93 for 2012/13. The contract price for alternative energy crops will have to compete with this trend.”
With specialists in planning, farming and estates and renewable energy, Fisher German is uniquely placed to ensure landowners capitalise on energy crop opportunities.
(http://www.farminguk.com/bsp/10130/ews.asp?DBID=103-281-013-080&iPage=1&id=4966)
Īscirtmeta enerģētiskās koksnes plantāciju audzēšanas rokasgrāmata angļu valodā
http://www.defra.gov.uk/erdp/pdfs/schemes/energy/short-rotation-coppice.pdf
Latvijas Avīze: Mazinās nodokli malkas piegādei
Valsts sekretāru sanāksmē izsludināti Finanšu ministrijas sagatavotie likuma grozījumi, kas paredz, ka malkas un citu koksnes kurināmo piegāde iedzīvotājiem tiks aplikta ar pazeminātu - 5% PVN likmi.
Pagaidām likums nosaka, ka pazemināta PVN likme piemērojama siltumenerģijas piegādēm iedzīvotājiem, taču no nākamā gada 1. janvāra šādi būs atvieglota elektroenerģijas un dabasgāzes piegāde. Līdz ar to zaļās, no koksnes tapušās enerģijas patērētāji un ražotāji šobrīd tirgū nostādīti neizdevīgākā situācijā nekā importētā fosilā kurināmā patērētāji un piegādātāji. Tajā pašā laikā valdība gatavojas tērēt daudz spēka, lai palielinātu koksnes izmantošanu enerģijas ražošanā.
03.11.2006
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