2007-04-30

Īscirtmeta kārklu plantāciju izmantošana gazifikācijas iekārtu nodrošināšanai ar kurināmo

"We have one 75 MW gas turbine for electricity generation at Pampore. However, power development department cannot dream to operate this plant even for 2 months owing to very high diesel cost. The emission of carbon dioxide, sulphur and nitrogen gases due to diesel burning in this power plant when in operation is additional pollution menace of very high priority. Willow being a carbon dioxide neutral energy source can make an immediate contribution in gas turbine operation cheaply and on sustainable basis. In Sweden and other European countries 1 kg willow biomass generates 1 KW hour of electricity with zero addition to atmospheric pollution.
For Circulating Fludised Bed Gasification connected to gas turbine and a steam turbine (combined cycle) having thermal input capacity of 150 MW and electrical output capacity of 72 MW + thermal out put of 24 MW, total investment in various installations in Sweden is about 1.5 lakh Euros per anum. For 70 MW electricity generations, requirement of willow biomass would be around 70 tons per hour. This enormous consumption will attract the people to grow willow on SRC concept, and generate self employment for thousands of unemployed youth owing to locally available easy market and premium price for their produce. At the prevailing rate of fuel wood (Rs. 4.0 per Kg) a fanner is expected to generate an income of about 1.0 to 1.20 lakh from one hectare of waste land in and around Numbals (water logged areas) or land unsuitable for agricultural crops.
Another important market of SRC willow is fuel wood for domestic consumption. The present requirement of fuel wood for domestic needs is about 4.12 million tons at the rate of 357 kg per capita per year. By 2012 this consumption is expected to reach 4.75 million tons and in 2021 we will need about 5.70 million ton of fuel wood. Under SRC with willow the demand can be met from 1400 sq km of land only. At the present rate of production (7 ton per ha per year) this quantity of fuel wood requires 6000 sq km of land.
Third important market for SRC willow is in the paper making potential of willow plantation. Willow has been proven to be viable commercial fiber source for fine paper. The favorable growth rate of willow and its homogenous fiber length distribution along with easy de-lignifications and beating might attract the industries in willow as raw material for pulping due to its excellent paper making potential. Per capita consumption of paper indicates the stage of development of a society. USA has the highest (272 Kg) per capita paper consumption per year followed by Sweden (205 Kg) and Japan (153 kg). The world average of per capita paper consumption per year is 40 kg, whereas in India it is only 2 kg. With world average consumption rate of 40 kg, present requirement for paper in J and K is 4.61 lakh tons which may shoot up to 6.36 lakh tons by the year 2021 if the objective of increasing present literacy rate from 54 % to 100 % has to achieved. Another market for paper and paper products is packaging of fruits. Annual production of apple and other fruits of J and K are 1.10 million metric tons, requiring about 44 million packaging boxes annually. Packing fruits in paper boxes (card board) will decrease the investment on packaging and increase the market cost due to improved grading.
Willow biomass represents a relatively low cost and locally available feed stock for production of liquid fuels, chemicals and advanced materials derived from its lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses. Analysis has shown that willow wood derived from three year old stem is 19 percent lignin compared to 22-30 percent in mature hard woods, which will facilitate the pulping process while enhancing the overall product yield for those chemicals derived from the polysaccharide fraction of willow ( glucose, ethanol, furfural and levulinic acid).
Bio-filtration of municipal sewage is another landmark of SRC. Short rotation willow coppice is used as a natural like system for treatment of municipal waste water, landfill leachate, industrial waste water, and municipal sludge to reduce the content of pollutants and nutrients in waters and soil by plant uptake and facilitate microbial transformation. SRC with willow as a crop for phyto-remediation of different wastes offers advantage as high biomass yield, high evapo- transpiration rate, good coppice ability and reported ability to take up substantial amount of heavy metals. Application of municipal waste water to fields involves a hygienic risk, but since willow is non-edible, the likelihood that pathogenic organisms will enter the human food chain is limited."

Oriģināls

Rekultivētas izgāztuves izmantos īscirtmeta kārklu plantāciju ierīkošanai

"Two former landfill sites will be regenerated with green waste compost and used to grow biofuel crops.
The Waste & Resources Action Programme (WRAP) has announced that the sites, both in County Durham, will use up to 1,000 tonnes of BSI PAS 100:2005 compost per hectare to improve soil quality. Then short rotation coppice willow will be planted for use in biofuel production.
The programme aims to help developers, designers and contractors recognise the benefits of specifying high quality compost for brownfield projects.
Dr Eric Evans owner of Land Remediation Services, the company that manages the two sites at Lumley North and Coxhoe East, said: “We specified green waste compost for the project as it is the best form of organic matter to restore the poor quality soils with respect to improving water retention and nutrient levels.”
The compost came from Premier Waste Management’s Joint Stocks Recycling centre in Coxhoe and is made from garden waste."

Oriģināls

2007-04-12

Kārklu plantāciju ierīkošanas ekonomiskā atdeve jāpalielina

Skotijā veiktā pētījumā par dažādu lauksaimniecības kultūru, tajā skaitā enerģētiskās koksnes plantācijām, konstatēts, ka īscirtmeta kārklu plantāciju ekonomiskā atdeve jāpalielina. Nepietiek ar to, ka kārklu plantācijas nodrošina tādu pat ienākumu, kā citas energokultūras vai pārtikas augi; peļņas daļa jāpalielina, lai kompensētu iespējamo papildus ieņēmumu daļu, mainot audzējamās kultūras un tirgus cenu svārstību gadījumā.

Pētījuma pārskats pieejams SAC mājas lapā.